Scientific Calculator

A scientific calculator extends basic arithmetic with powers, square roots, trigonometric functions, and logarithms. This implementation behaves like a classic two-register calculator rather than a full algebraic expression parser. It supports addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, x raised to y, square root, sine, cosine, tangent, base-10 logarithm, natural logarithm, sign change, decimals, clear, and backspace.

Trigonometric inputs are interpreted in degrees. Operations are committed as they are entered, so a long sequence is evaluated step by step rather than by standard written-expression precedence. The display is formatted to approximately 12 significant digits, and nonfinite results appear as Error.

The calculator is useful for quick numerical work when ordinary four-function arithmetic is not enough. It can evaluate a power, find a root, apply a logarithm, or calculate a degree-based trigonometric value without installing software.

Its deliberately simple interaction also makes each step visible. For a complex formula, however, you must plan the order and break the calculation into intermediate results because parentheses and typed expressions are not supported.

• Perform basic arithmetic and powers.
• Use degree-based sine, cosine, and tangent.
• Calculate square roots and common or natural logarithms.

Enter a number, choose a binary operator, enter the next number, and press equals. Choosing another operator after entering the second operand commits the pending calculation and uses that result as the next stored value.

Unary functions act immediately on the displayed value. For example, entering 30 and pressing sin displays the sine of 30 degrees. Clear resets all state; backspace removes the last typed character only while the display is being edited.

A numeric display is the rounded JavaScript floating-point result of the operation. Very small values, repeating decimals, and transcendental functions may show approximation effects. Error means the result was not finite, such as division by zero, a negative real square root, or a logarithm outside its real-valued domain.

Tangent near odd multiples of 90 degrees is mathematically undefined. Floating-point evaluation may show a very large finite number rather than Error because the computed cosine is extremely small rather than exactly zero.

Scientific functions are common in geometry, engineering, finance, science, and education. Knowing the angle mode and evaluation model prevents two frequent calculator mistakes: mixing degrees with radians and assuming written-expression precedence.

A displayed approximation should not be treated as exact merely because it contains many digits. Measurement uncertainty and the precision of your inputs normally matter more than the calculator's display length.

Basic operations use JavaScript number arithmetic. Trigonometric values first convert degrees to radians by multiplying by π/180. Log means base 10 and ln means base e. Display formatting converts a finite result to 12 significant digits before removing unnecessary trailing precision.

sin(θ) = sin(θ × π ÷ 180); cos(θ) = cos(θ × π ÷ 180); tan(θ) = tan(θ × π ÷ 180); log(x) = log₁₀(x); ln(x) = logₑ(x); xʸ = x raised to y

θ

An angle entered in degrees.

x

The displayed value used by a unary function or as the first operand.

y

The second operand used as the exponent in xʸ.

• There are no parentheses, memory keys, constants, or expression history.
• Operations are chained in entry order.
• Real-number domain restrictions still apply.

This scientific calculator is suited to transparent, step-by-step arithmetic, powers, roots, logs, and degree-based trigonometry. Remember that it chains operations rather than parsing expressions, and treat displayed digits as floating-point approximations.